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pspcas13b crrna backbone  (Addgene inc)


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    Structured Review

    Addgene inc pspcas13b crrna backbone
    Use uSpyCLIP to identify the off-target binding sites of the dPspCas13b-gRNA and dRfxCas13d-gRNA complexes. ( A ) Schematic representation of the strategy for identifying the off-target binding sites of dCas13-gRNA complex. Take dCas13d as an example. ( B ) Schematic for constructs expressing Cas13 effectors and corresponding gRNA cassettes. ( C ) Western blot of protein extracts from Lenti-X 293T cells stably expressing HA- and Spy-tagged dPspCas13b or dRfxCas13d and their catalytically active counterparts. ( D ) Immunocytochemistry of dPspCas13b and dRfxCas13d proteins showing localization and expression. ( E ) RNA knockdown activity of endogenous EZH2 or TP53 mRNA in Lenti-X 293T cells expressing HA- and Spy-tagged <t>PspCas13b</t> or dPspCas13b. ( F ) RNA knockdown activity of endogenous EZH2 or TP53 mRNA in Lenti-X 293T cells expressing HA- and Spy-tagged RfxCas13d or dRfxCas13d. gNT, non-targeting gRNA; EZH2-g1 and EZH2-g2, two independent gRNAs targeting EZH2 mRNA; TP53-g1, gRNA targeting TP53 mRNA. Values are shown as mean ± SD with n = 3.
    Pspcas13b Crrna Backbone, supplied by Addgene inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 95/100, based on 78 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/pspcas13b+crrna+backbone/pC0043-PspCas13b+crRNA+backbone+(Plasmid+%23103854)/pmc12926919-36-11-14
    Average 95 stars, based on 78 article reviews
    pspcas13b crrna backbone - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    95/100 stars

    Images

    1) Product Images from "Characterization of gRNA-dependent and gRNA-independent off-target binding sites of PspCas13b and RfxCas13d in mammalian cells"

    Article Title: Characterization of gRNA-dependent and gRNA-independent off-target binding sites of PspCas13b and RfxCas13d in mammalian cells

    Journal: Nucleic Acids Research

    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkag112

    Use uSpyCLIP to identify the off-target binding sites of the dPspCas13b-gRNA and dRfxCas13d-gRNA complexes. ( A ) Schematic representation of the strategy for identifying the off-target binding sites of dCas13-gRNA complex. Take dCas13d as an example. ( B ) Schematic for constructs expressing Cas13 effectors and corresponding gRNA cassettes. ( C ) Western blot of protein extracts from Lenti-X 293T cells stably expressing HA- and Spy-tagged dPspCas13b or dRfxCas13d and their catalytically active counterparts. ( D ) Immunocytochemistry of dPspCas13b and dRfxCas13d proteins showing localization and expression. ( E ) RNA knockdown activity of endogenous EZH2 or TP53 mRNA in Lenti-X 293T cells expressing HA- and Spy-tagged PspCas13b or dPspCas13b. ( F ) RNA knockdown activity of endogenous EZH2 or TP53 mRNA in Lenti-X 293T cells expressing HA- and Spy-tagged RfxCas13d or dRfxCas13d. gNT, non-targeting gRNA; EZH2-g1 and EZH2-g2, two independent gRNAs targeting EZH2 mRNA; TP53-g1, gRNA targeting TP53 mRNA. Values are shown as mean ± SD with n = 3.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Use uSpyCLIP to identify the off-target binding sites of the dPspCas13b-gRNA and dRfxCas13d-gRNA complexes. ( A ) Schematic representation of the strategy for identifying the off-target binding sites of dCas13-gRNA complex. Take dCas13d as an example. ( B ) Schematic for constructs expressing Cas13 effectors and corresponding gRNA cassettes. ( C ) Western blot of protein extracts from Lenti-X 293T cells stably expressing HA- and Spy-tagged dPspCas13b or dRfxCas13d and their catalytically active counterparts. ( D ) Immunocytochemistry of dPspCas13b and dRfxCas13d proteins showing localization and expression. ( E ) RNA knockdown activity of endogenous EZH2 or TP53 mRNA in Lenti-X 293T cells expressing HA- and Spy-tagged PspCas13b or dPspCas13b. ( F ) RNA knockdown activity of endogenous EZH2 or TP53 mRNA in Lenti-X 293T cells expressing HA- and Spy-tagged RfxCas13d or dRfxCas13d. gNT, non-targeting gRNA; EZH2-g1 and EZH2-g2, two independent gRNAs targeting EZH2 mRNA; TP53-g1, gRNA targeting TP53 mRNA. Values are shown as mean ± SD with n = 3.

    Techniques Used: Binding Assay, Construct, Expressing, Western Blot, Stable Transfection, Immunocytochemistry, Knockdown, Activity Assay

    dPspCas13b preferentially binds to RNA sites with long stem-loop structures. ( A ) Top HOMER motif identified for all dPspCas13b binding sites or the top 500 dPspCas13b binding sites. ( B ) The frequency of base pairing for all dPspCas13b binding sites or the top 500 dPspCas13b binding sites. RBFOX2 and SLBP were used as controls. ( C ) Schematic of the PspCas13b crRNA direct repeat region. ( D ) The sequence composition and secondary structure of three representative gRNA-independent off-target sites bound by dPspCas13b. The secondary structure was calculated using RNAfold. ( E ) EMSA assays examining binding of His-tagged dPspCas13b to Cy5-labeled RNA oligonucleotides corresponding to the identified off-target sites and a scrambled control.
    Figure Legend Snippet: dPspCas13b preferentially binds to RNA sites with long stem-loop structures. ( A ) Top HOMER motif identified for all dPspCas13b binding sites or the top 500 dPspCas13b binding sites. ( B ) The frequency of base pairing for all dPspCas13b binding sites or the top 500 dPspCas13b binding sites. RBFOX2 and SLBP were used as controls. ( C ) Schematic of the PspCas13b crRNA direct repeat region. ( D ) The sequence composition and secondary structure of three representative gRNA-independent off-target sites bound by dPspCas13b. The secondary structure was calculated using RNAfold. ( E ) EMSA assays examining binding of His-tagged dPspCas13b to Cy5-labeled RNA oligonucleotides corresponding to the identified off-target sites and a scrambled control.

    Techniques Used: Binding Assay, Sequencing, Labeling, Control

    Binding and cleavage specificity of Cas13-EZH2-g2 complexes. ( A ) EMSA analysis of 50-nt ssRNA oligonucleotides corresponding to the on-target site of PspCas13b EZH2-g2 (30 consecutive complementary base pairs), an off-target site containing 10 consecutive complementary base pairs, and a negative control lacking complementarity. ( B ) Denaturing gel analysis showing efficient cleavage of the on-target RNA substrate by the PspCas13b-EZH2-g2 complex, whereas no detectable cleavage is observed for the off-target or negative-control substrates. ( C ) EMSA analysis of 50-nt ssRNA substrates corresponding to the on-target site of RfxCas13d EZH2-g2 (30 consecutive complementary base pairs), an off-target site containing seven consecutive complementary base pairs, and a negative control lacking complementarity. ( D ) Denaturing gel analysis demonstrating specific cleavage of the on-target RNA by the RfxCas13d-EZH2-g2 complex, with no cleavage detected for the off-target or negative-control substrate.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Binding and cleavage specificity of Cas13-EZH2-g2 complexes. ( A ) EMSA analysis of 50-nt ssRNA oligonucleotides corresponding to the on-target site of PspCas13b EZH2-g2 (30 consecutive complementary base pairs), an off-target site containing 10 consecutive complementary base pairs, and a negative control lacking complementarity. ( B ) Denaturing gel analysis showing efficient cleavage of the on-target RNA substrate by the PspCas13b-EZH2-g2 complex, whereas no detectable cleavage is observed for the off-target or negative-control substrates. ( C ) EMSA analysis of 50-nt ssRNA substrates corresponding to the on-target site of RfxCas13d EZH2-g2 (30 consecutive complementary base pairs), an off-target site containing seven consecutive complementary base pairs, and a negative control lacking complementarity. ( D ) Denaturing gel analysis demonstrating specific cleavage of the on-target RNA by the RfxCas13d-EZH2-g2 complex, with no cleavage detected for the off-target or negative-control substrate.

    Techniques Used: Binding Assay, Negative Control

    gRNA-dependent off-target binding alters the expression of essential genes and induces substantial alterations in cell proliferation. ( A – D ) RT-qPCR and western blot analyses of on-target EZH2 and three gRNA-dependent off-target genes bound by the PspCas13b-EZH2-g2 complex, with comparisons between non-targeting and EZH2-g2 targeting conditions. ( E – H ) RT-qPCR and western blot analyses of on-target EZH2 and three gRNA-dependent off-target genes bound by the RfxCas13d-EZH2-g2 complex, with comparisons between non-targeting and EZH2-g2 targeting conditions. RT-qPCR data are presented as mean ± SD ( n = 3). Relative changes in protein abundance were quantified by densitometric analysis and are indicated as red numbers at the bottom of each panel. ( I ) Proliferation of cells expressing PspCas13b (left panel) or RfxCas13d (right panel) with either targeting gRNAs or a non-targeting control gRNA (gNT), measured by CCK-8 assay. Proliferation rates were measured by absorbance at days 1–5 and normalized to that at day 1. Data are presented as mean ± SD ( n = 4). * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001. ns, not significant. ( J ) Apoptosis analysis of cells expressing PspCas13b (left panel) or RfxCas13d (right panel) with either targeting gRNAs or non-targeting control gRNA (gNT). Data are presented as mean ± SD ( n = 3). ns, not significant.
    Figure Legend Snippet: gRNA-dependent off-target binding alters the expression of essential genes and induces substantial alterations in cell proliferation. ( A – D ) RT-qPCR and western blot analyses of on-target EZH2 and three gRNA-dependent off-target genes bound by the PspCas13b-EZH2-g2 complex, with comparisons between non-targeting and EZH2-g2 targeting conditions. ( E – H ) RT-qPCR and western blot analyses of on-target EZH2 and three gRNA-dependent off-target genes bound by the RfxCas13d-EZH2-g2 complex, with comparisons between non-targeting and EZH2-g2 targeting conditions. RT-qPCR data are presented as mean ± SD ( n = 3). Relative changes in protein abundance were quantified by densitometric analysis and are indicated as red numbers at the bottom of each panel. ( I ) Proliferation of cells expressing PspCas13b (left panel) or RfxCas13d (right panel) with either targeting gRNAs or a non-targeting control gRNA (gNT), measured by CCK-8 assay. Proliferation rates were measured by absorbance at days 1–5 and normalized to that at day 1. Data are presented as mean ± SD ( n = 4). * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001. ns, not significant. ( J ) Apoptosis analysis of cells expressing PspCas13b (left panel) or RfxCas13d (right panel) with either targeting gRNAs or non-targeting control gRNA (gNT). Data are presented as mean ± SD ( n = 3). ns, not significant.

    Techniques Used: Binding Assay, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Western Blot, Quantitative Proteomics, Control, CCK-8 Assay

    Related Articles

    Cloning:

    Article Title: Precise in vivo RNA base editing with a wobble-enhanced circular CLUSTER guide RNA.
    Article Snippet: .. DR guide RNAs were created by cloning hybrid oligonucleotide inserts encoding the antisense part into the PspCas13b crRNA backbone (Addgene plasmid 103854) using BbsI. ..

    Article Title: Precise in vivo RNA base editing with a wobble-enhanced circular CLUSTER guide RNA
    Article Snippet: .. DR guide RNAs were created by cloning hybrid oligonucleotide inserts encoding the antisense part into the PspCas13b crRNA backbone (Addgene plasmid 103854) using BbsI. ..

    Article Title: Characterization of gRNA-dependent and gRNA-independent off-target binding sites of PspCas13b and RfxCas13d in mammalian cells
    Article Snippet: .. For PspCas13b gRNA constructs, individual gRNA spacers were cloned into the PspCas13b crRNA backbone (Addgene #103854, a gift from Feng Zhang), which contains a PspCas13b crRNA direct repeat sequence and two BbsI restriction sites for cloning of the spacer sequence. .. PspCas13b gRNA spacers were designed and synthesized (GenScript) as single-stranded forward and reverse DNA oligos containing CACC and CAAC overhangs, respectively.

    Article Title: Characterization of gRNA-dependent and gRNA-independent off-target binding sites of PspCas13b and RfxCas13d in mammalian cells.
    Article Snippet: .. For PspCas13b gRNA constructs, individual gRNA spacers were cloned into the PspCas13b crRNA backbone (Addgene #103854, a gift from Feng Zhang), which contains a PspCas13b crRNA direct repeat sequence and two BbsI restriction sites for cloning of the spacer sequence. .. PspCas13b gRNA spacers were designed and synthesized (GenScript) as singlestranded forward and reverse DNA oligos containing CACC and CAAC overhangs, respectively.

    Plasmid Preparation:

    Article Title: Precise in vivo RNA base editing with a wobble-enhanced circular CLUSTER guide RNA.
    Article Snippet: .. DR guide RNAs were created by cloning hybrid oligonucleotide inserts encoding the antisense part into the PspCas13b crRNA backbone (Addgene plasmid 103854) using BbsI. ..

    Article Title: Precise in vivo RNA base editing with a wobble-enhanced circular CLUSTER guide RNA
    Article Snippet: .. DR guide RNAs were created by cloning hybrid oligonucleotide inserts encoding the antisense part into the PspCas13b crRNA backbone (Addgene plasmid 103854) using BbsI. ..

    Construct:

    Article Title: Targeted Manipulation of Cellular RNA m 6 A Methylation at the Single-Base Level.
    Article Snippet: .. For construction of gRNA plasmids designed for individual RNA, the inserts of guide sequences with recognition site of BbsI (NEB, R3539) was constructed by annealing forward primers and reverse primers (Table S2), and were subcloned into PspCas13b crRNA backbone (Addgene, 103854) by restriction enzyme-based molecular cloning. ..

    Article Title: Characterization of gRNA-dependent and gRNA-independent off-target binding sites of PspCas13b and RfxCas13d in mammalian cells
    Article Snippet: .. For PspCas13b gRNA constructs, individual gRNA spacers were cloned into the PspCas13b crRNA backbone (Addgene #103854, a gift from Feng Zhang), which contains a PspCas13b crRNA direct repeat sequence and two BbsI restriction sites for cloning of the spacer sequence. .. PspCas13b gRNA spacers were designed and synthesized (GenScript) as single-stranded forward and reverse DNA oligos containing CACC and CAAC overhangs, respectively.

    Article Title: Characterization of gRNA-dependent and gRNA-independent off-target binding sites of PspCas13b and RfxCas13d in mammalian cells.
    Article Snippet: .. For PspCas13b gRNA constructs, individual gRNA spacers were cloned into the PspCas13b crRNA backbone (Addgene #103854, a gift from Feng Zhang), which contains a PspCas13b crRNA direct repeat sequence and two BbsI restriction sites for cloning of the spacer sequence. .. PspCas13b gRNA spacers were designed and synthesized (GenScript) as singlestranded forward and reverse DNA oligos containing CACC and CAAC overhangs, respectively.

    Molecular Cloning:

    Article Title: Targeted Manipulation of Cellular RNA m 6 A Methylation at the Single-Base Level.
    Article Snippet: .. For construction of gRNA plasmids designed for individual RNA, the inserts of guide sequences with recognition site of BbsI (NEB, R3539) was constructed by annealing forward primers and reverse primers (Table S2), and were subcloned into PspCas13b crRNA backbone (Addgene, 103854) by restriction enzyme-based molecular cloning. ..

    Clone Assay:

    Article Title: Characterization of gRNA-dependent and gRNA-independent off-target binding sites of PspCas13b and RfxCas13d in mammalian cells
    Article Snippet: .. For PspCas13b gRNA constructs, individual gRNA spacers were cloned into the PspCas13b crRNA backbone (Addgene #103854, a gift from Feng Zhang), which contains a PspCas13b crRNA direct repeat sequence and two BbsI restriction sites for cloning of the spacer sequence. .. PspCas13b gRNA spacers were designed and synthesized (GenScript) as single-stranded forward and reverse DNA oligos containing CACC and CAAC overhangs, respectively.

    Article Title: Characterization of gRNA-dependent and gRNA-independent off-target binding sites of PspCas13b and RfxCas13d in mammalian cells.
    Article Snippet: .. For PspCas13b gRNA constructs, individual gRNA spacers were cloned into the PspCas13b crRNA backbone (Addgene #103854, a gift from Feng Zhang), which contains a PspCas13b crRNA direct repeat sequence and two BbsI restriction sites for cloning of the spacer sequence. .. PspCas13b gRNA spacers were designed and synthesized (GenScript) as singlestranded forward and reverse DNA oligos containing CACC and CAAC overhangs, respectively.

    Sequencing:

    Article Title: Characterization of gRNA-dependent and gRNA-independent off-target binding sites of PspCas13b and RfxCas13d in mammalian cells
    Article Snippet: .. For PspCas13b gRNA constructs, individual gRNA spacers were cloned into the PspCas13b crRNA backbone (Addgene #103854, a gift from Feng Zhang), which contains a PspCas13b crRNA direct repeat sequence and two BbsI restriction sites for cloning of the spacer sequence. .. PspCas13b gRNA spacers were designed and synthesized (GenScript) as single-stranded forward and reverse DNA oligos containing CACC and CAAC overhangs, respectively.

    Article Title: Characterization of gRNA-dependent and gRNA-independent off-target binding sites of PspCas13b and RfxCas13d in mammalian cells.
    Article Snippet: .. For PspCas13b gRNA constructs, individual gRNA spacers were cloned into the PspCas13b crRNA backbone (Addgene #103854, a gift from Feng Zhang), which contains a PspCas13b crRNA direct repeat sequence and two BbsI restriction sites for cloning of the spacer sequence. .. PspCas13b gRNA spacers were designed and synthesized (GenScript) as singlestranded forward and reverse DNA oligos containing CACC and CAAC overhangs, respectively.



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    Use uSpyCLIP to identify the off-target binding sites of the dPspCas13b-gRNA and dRfxCas13d-gRNA complexes. ( A ) Schematic representation of the strategy for identifying the off-target binding sites of dCas13-gRNA complex. Take dCas13d as an example. ( B ) Schematic for constructs expressing Cas13 effectors and corresponding gRNA cassettes. ( C ) Western blot of protein extracts from Lenti-X 293T cells stably expressing HA- and Spy-tagged dPspCas13b or dRfxCas13d and their catalytically active counterparts. ( D ) Immunocytochemistry of dPspCas13b and dRfxCas13d proteins showing localization and expression. ( E ) RNA knockdown activity of endogenous EZH2 or TP53 mRNA in Lenti-X 293T cells expressing HA- and Spy-tagged <t>PspCas13b</t> or dPspCas13b. ( F ) RNA knockdown activity of endogenous EZH2 or TP53 mRNA in Lenti-X 293T cells expressing HA- and Spy-tagged RfxCas13d or dRfxCas13d. gNT, non-targeting gRNA; EZH2-g1 and EZH2-g2, two independent gRNAs targeting EZH2 mRNA; TP53-g1, gRNA targeting TP53 mRNA. Values are shown as mean ± SD with n = 3.
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    Use uSpyCLIP to identify the off-target binding sites of the dPspCas13b-gRNA and dRfxCas13d-gRNA complexes. ( A ) Schematic representation of the strategy for identifying the off-target binding sites of dCas13-gRNA complex. Take dCas13d as an example. ( B ) Schematic for constructs expressing Cas13 effectors and corresponding gRNA cassettes. ( C ) Western blot of protein extracts from Lenti-X 293T cells stably expressing HA- and Spy-tagged dPspCas13b or dRfxCas13d and their catalytically active counterparts. ( D ) Immunocytochemistry of dPspCas13b and dRfxCas13d proteins showing localization and expression. ( E ) RNA knockdown activity of endogenous EZH2 or TP53 mRNA in Lenti-X 293T cells expressing HA- and Spy-tagged PspCas13b or dPspCas13b. ( F ) RNA knockdown activity of endogenous EZH2 or TP53 mRNA in Lenti-X 293T cells expressing HA- and Spy-tagged RfxCas13d or dRfxCas13d. gNT, non-targeting gRNA; EZH2-g1 and EZH2-g2, two independent gRNAs targeting EZH2 mRNA; TP53-g1, gRNA targeting TP53 mRNA. Values are shown as mean ± SD with n = 3.

    Journal: Nucleic Acids Research

    Article Title: Characterization of gRNA-dependent and gRNA-independent off-target binding sites of PspCas13b and RfxCas13d in mammalian cells

    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkag112

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Use uSpyCLIP to identify the off-target binding sites of the dPspCas13b-gRNA and dRfxCas13d-gRNA complexes. ( A ) Schematic representation of the strategy for identifying the off-target binding sites of dCas13-gRNA complex. Take dCas13d as an example. ( B ) Schematic for constructs expressing Cas13 effectors and corresponding gRNA cassettes. ( C ) Western blot of protein extracts from Lenti-X 293T cells stably expressing HA- and Spy-tagged dPspCas13b or dRfxCas13d and their catalytically active counterparts. ( D ) Immunocytochemistry of dPspCas13b and dRfxCas13d proteins showing localization and expression. ( E ) RNA knockdown activity of endogenous EZH2 or TP53 mRNA in Lenti-X 293T cells expressing HA- and Spy-tagged PspCas13b or dPspCas13b. ( F ) RNA knockdown activity of endogenous EZH2 or TP53 mRNA in Lenti-X 293T cells expressing HA- and Spy-tagged RfxCas13d or dRfxCas13d. gNT, non-targeting gRNA; EZH2-g1 and EZH2-g2, two independent gRNAs targeting EZH2 mRNA; TP53-g1, gRNA targeting TP53 mRNA. Values are shown as mean ± SD with n = 3.

    Article Snippet: The forward and reverse DNA oligos were annealed and ligated into the digested PspCas13b crRNA backbone using T4 DNA ligase (New England Biolabs).

    Techniques: Binding Assay, Construct, Expressing, Western Blot, Stable Transfection, Immunocytochemistry, Knockdown, Activity Assay

    dPspCas13b preferentially binds to RNA sites with long stem-loop structures. ( A ) Top HOMER motif identified for all dPspCas13b binding sites or the top 500 dPspCas13b binding sites. ( B ) The frequency of base pairing for all dPspCas13b binding sites or the top 500 dPspCas13b binding sites. RBFOX2 and SLBP were used as controls. ( C ) Schematic of the PspCas13b crRNA direct repeat region. ( D ) The sequence composition and secondary structure of three representative gRNA-independent off-target sites bound by dPspCas13b. The secondary structure was calculated using RNAfold. ( E ) EMSA assays examining binding of His-tagged dPspCas13b to Cy5-labeled RNA oligonucleotides corresponding to the identified off-target sites and a scrambled control.

    Journal: Nucleic Acids Research

    Article Title: Characterization of gRNA-dependent and gRNA-independent off-target binding sites of PspCas13b and RfxCas13d in mammalian cells

    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkag112

    Figure Lengend Snippet: dPspCas13b preferentially binds to RNA sites with long stem-loop structures. ( A ) Top HOMER motif identified for all dPspCas13b binding sites or the top 500 dPspCas13b binding sites. ( B ) The frequency of base pairing for all dPspCas13b binding sites or the top 500 dPspCas13b binding sites. RBFOX2 and SLBP were used as controls. ( C ) Schematic of the PspCas13b crRNA direct repeat region. ( D ) The sequence composition and secondary structure of three representative gRNA-independent off-target sites bound by dPspCas13b. The secondary structure was calculated using RNAfold. ( E ) EMSA assays examining binding of His-tagged dPspCas13b to Cy5-labeled RNA oligonucleotides corresponding to the identified off-target sites and a scrambled control.

    Article Snippet: The forward and reverse DNA oligos were annealed and ligated into the digested PspCas13b crRNA backbone using T4 DNA ligase (New England Biolabs).

    Techniques: Binding Assay, Sequencing, Labeling, Control

    Binding and cleavage specificity of Cas13-EZH2-g2 complexes. ( A ) EMSA analysis of 50-nt ssRNA oligonucleotides corresponding to the on-target site of PspCas13b EZH2-g2 (30 consecutive complementary base pairs), an off-target site containing 10 consecutive complementary base pairs, and a negative control lacking complementarity. ( B ) Denaturing gel analysis showing efficient cleavage of the on-target RNA substrate by the PspCas13b-EZH2-g2 complex, whereas no detectable cleavage is observed for the off-target or negative-control substrates. ( C ) EMSA analysis of 50-nt ssRNA substrates corresponding to the on-target site of RfxCas13d EZH2-g2 (30 consecutive complementary base pairs), an off-target site containing seven consecutive complementary base pairs, and a negative control lacking complementarity. ( D ) Denaturing gel analysis demonstrating specific cleavage of the on-target RNA by the RfxCas13d-EZH2-g2 complex, with no cleavage detected for the off-target or negative-control substrate.

    Journal: Nucleic Acids Research

    Article Title: Characterization of gRNA-dependent and gRNA-independent off-target binding sites of PspCas13b and RfxCas13d in mammalian cells

    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkag112

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Binding and cleavage specificity of Cas13-EZH2-g2 complexes. ( A ) EMSA analysis of 50-nt ssRNA oligonucleotides corresponding to the on-target site of PspCas13b EZH2-g2 (30 consecutive complementary base pairs), an off-target site containing 10 consecutive complementary base pairs, and a negative control lacking complementarity. ( B ) Denaturing gel analysis showing efficient cleavage of the on-target RNA substrate by the PspCas13b-EZH2-g2 complex, whereas no detectable cleavage is observed for the off-target or negative-control substrates. ( C ) EMSA analysis of 50-nt ssRNA substrates corresponding to the on-target site of RfxCas13d EZH2-g2 (30 consecutive complementary base pairs), an off-target site containing seven consecutive complementary base pairs, and a negative control lacking complementarity. ( D ) Denaturing gel analysis demonstrating specific cleavage of the on-target RNA by the RfxCas13d-EZH2-g2 complex, with no cleavage detected for the off-target or negative-control substrate.

    Article Snippet: The forward and reverse DNA oligos were annealed and ligated into the digested PspCas13b crRNA backbone using T4 DNA ligase (New England Biolabs).

    Techniques: Binding Assay, Negative Control

    gRNA-dependent off-target binding alters the expression of essential genes and induces substantial alterations in cell proliferation. ( A – D ) RT-qPCR and western blot analyses of on-target EZH2 and three gRNA-dependent off-target genes bound by the PspCas13b-EZH2-g2 complex, with comparisons between non-targeting and EZH2-g2 targeting conditions. ( E – H ) RT-qPCR and western blot analyses of on-target EZH2 and three gRNA-dependent off-target genes bound by the RfxCas13d-EZH2-g2 complex, with comparisons between non-targeting and EZH2-g2 targeting conditions. RT-qPCR data are presented as mean ± SD ( n = 3). Relative changes in protein abundance were quantified by densitometric analysis and are indicated as red numbers at the bottom of each panel. ( I ) Proliferation of cells expressing PspCas13b (left panel) or RfxCas13d (right panel) with either targeting gRNAs or a non-targeting control gRNA (gNT), measured by CCK-8 assay. Proliferation rates were measured by absorbance at days 1–5 and normalized to that at day 1. Data are presented as mean ± SD ( n = 4). * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001. ns, not significant. ( J ) Apoptosis analysis of cells expressing PspCas13b (left panel) or RfxCas13d (right panel) with either targeting gRNAs or non-targeting control gRNA (gNT). Data are presented as mean ± SD ( n = 3). ns, not significant.

    Journal: Nucleic Acids Research

    Article Title: Characterization of gRNA-dependent and gRNA-independent off-target binding sites of PspCas13b and RfxCas13d in mammalian cells

    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkag112

    Figure Lengend Snippet: gRNA-dependent off-target binding alters the expression of essential genes and induces substantial alterations in cell proliferation. ( A – D ) RT-qPCR and western blot analyses of on-target EZH2 and three gRNA-dependent off-target genes bound by the PspCas13b-EZH2-g2 complex, with comparisons between non-targeting and EZH2-g2 targeting conditions. ( E – H ) RT-qPCR and western blot analyses of on-target EZH2 and three gRNA-dependent off-target genes bound by the RfxCas13d-EZH2-g2 complex, with comparisons between non-targeting and EZH2-g2 targeting conditions. RT-qPCR data are presented as mean ± SD ( n = 3). Relative changes in protein abundance were quantified by densitometric analysis and are indicated as red numbers at the bottom of each panel. ( I ) Proliferation of cells expressing PspCas13b (left panel) or RfxCas13d (right panel) with either targeting gRNAs or a non-targeting control gRNA (gNT), measured by CCK-8 assay. Proliferation rates were measured by absorbance at days 1–5 and normalized to that at day 1. Data are presented as mean ± SD ( n = 4). * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001. ns, not significant. ( J ) Apoptosis analysis of cells expressing PspCas13b (left panel) or RfxCas13d (right panel) with either targeting gRNAs or non-targeting control gRNA (gNT). Data are presented as mean ± SD ( n = 3). ns, not significant.

    Article Snippet: The forward and reverse DNA oligos were annealed and ligated into the digested PspCas13b crRNA backbone using T4 DNA ligase (New England Biolabs).

    Techniques: Binding Assay, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Western Blot, Quantitative Proteomics, Control, CCK-8 Assay

    Use uSpyCLIP to identify the off-target binding sites of the dPspCas13b-gRNA and dRfxCas13d-gRNA complexes. ( A ) Schematic representation of the strategy for identifying the off-target binding sites of dCas13-gRNA complex. Take dCas13d as an example. ( B ) Schematic for constructs expressing Cas13 effectors and corresponding gRNA cassettes. ( C ) Western blot of protein extracts from Lenti-X 293T cells stably expressing HA- and Spy-tagged dPspCas13b or dRfxCas13d and their catalytically active counterparts. ( D ) Immunocytochemistry of dPspCas13b and dRfxCas13d proteins showing localization and expression. ( E ) RNA knockdown activity of endogenous EZH2 or TP53 mRNA in Lenti-X 293T cells expressing HA- and Spy-tagged PspCas13b or dPspCas13b. ( F ) RNA knockdown activity of endogenous EZH2 or TP53 mRNA in Lenti-X 293T cells expressing HA- and Spy-tagged RfxCas13d or dRfxCas13d. gNT, non-targeting gRNA; EZH2-g1 and EZH2-g2, two independent gRNAs targeting EZH2 mRNA; TP53-g1, gRNA targeting TP53 mRNA. Values are shown as mean ± SD with n = 3.

    Journal: Nucleic Acids Research

    Article Title: Characterization of gRNA-dependent and gRNA-independent off-target binding sites of PspCas13b and RfxCas13d in mammalian cells

    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkag112

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Use uSpyCLIP to identify the off-target binding sites of the dPspCas13b-gRNA and dRfxCas13d-gRNA complexes. ( A ) Schematic representation of the strategy for identifying the off-target binding sites of dCas13-gRNA complex. Take dCas13d as an example. ( B ) Schematic for constructs expressing Cas13 effectors and corresponding gRNA cassettes. ( C ) Western blot of protein extracts from Lenti-X 293T cells stably expressing HA- and Spy-tagged dPspCas13b or dRfxCas13d and their catalytically active counterparts. ( D ) Immunocytochemistry of dPspCas13b and dRfxCas13d proteins showing localization and expression. ( E ) RNA knockdown activity of endogenous EZH2 or TP53 mRNA in Lenti-X 293T cells expressing HA- and Spy-tagged PspCas13b or dPspCas13b. ( F ) RNA knockdown activity of endogenous EZH2 or TP53 mRNA in Lenti-X 293T cells expressing HA- and Spy-tagged RfxCas13d or dRfxCas13d. gNT, non-targeting gRNA; EZH2-g1 and EZH2-g2, two independent gRNAs targeting EZH2 mRNA; TP53-g1, gRNA targeting TP53 mRNA. Values are shown as mean ± SD with n = 3.

    Article Snippet: For PspCas13b gRNA constructs, individual gRNA spacers were cloned into the PspCas13b crRNA backbone (Addgene #103854, a gift from Feng Zhang), which contains a PspCas13b crRNA direct repeat sequence and two BbsI restriction sites for cloning of the spacer sequence.

    Techniques: Binding Assay, Construct, Expressing, Western Blot, Stable Transfection, Immunocytochemistry, Knockdown, Activity Assay

    dPspCas13b preferentially binds to RNA sites with long stem-loop structures. ( A ) Top HOMER motif identified for all dPspCas13b binding sites or the top 500 dPspCas13b binding sites. ( B ) The frequency of base pairing for all dPspCas13b binding sites or the top 500 dPspCas13b binding sites. RBFOX2 and SLBP were used as controls. ( C ) Schematic of the PspCas13b crRNA direct repeat region. ( D ) The sequence composition and secondary structure of three representative gRNA-independent off-target sites bound by dPspCas13b. The secondary structure was calculated using RNAfold. ( E ) EMSA assays examining binding of His-tagged dPspCas13b to Cy5-labeled RNA oligonucleotides corresponding to the identified off-target sites and a scrambled control.

    Journal: Nucleic Acids Research

    Article Title: Characterization of gRNA-dependent and gRNA-independent off-target binding sites of PspCas13b and RfxCas13d in mammalian cells

    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkag112

    Figure Lengend Snippet: dPspCas13b preferentially binds to RNA sites with long stem-loop structures. ( A ) Top HOMER motif identified for all dPspCas13b binding sites or the top 500 dPspCas13b binding sites. ( B ) The frequency of base pairing for all dPspCas13b binding sites or the top 500 dPspCas13b binding sites. RBFOX2 and SLBP were used as controls. ( C ) Schematic of the PspCas13b crRNA direct repeat region. ( D ) The sequence composition and secondary structure of three representative gRNA-independent off-target sites bound by dPspCas13b. The secondary structure was calculated using RNAfold. ( E ) EMSA assays examining binding of His-tagged dPspCas13b to Cy5-labeled RNA oligonucleotides corresponding to the identified off-target sites and a scrambled control.

    Article Snippet: For PspCas13b gRNA constructs, individual gRNA spacers were cloned into the PspCas13b crRNA backbone (Addgene #103854, a gift from Feng Zhang), which contains a PspCas13b crRNA direct repeat sequence and two BbsI restriction sites for cloning of the spacer sequence.

    Techniques: Binding Assay, Sequencing, Labeling, Control

    Binding and cleavage specificity of Cas13-EZH2-g2 complexes. ( A ) EMSA analysis of 50-nt ssRNA oligonucleotides corresponding to the on-target site of PspCas13b EZH2-g2 (30 consecutive complementary base pairs), an off-target site containing 10 consecutive complementary base pairs, and a negative control lacking complementarity. ( B ) Denaturing gel analysis showing efficient cleavage of the on-target RNA substrate by the PspCas13b-EZH2-g2 complex, whereas no detectable cleavage is observed for the off-target or negative-control substrates. ( C ) EMSA analysis of 50-nt ssRNA substrates corresponding to the on-target site of RfxCas13d EZH2-g2 (30 consecutive complementary base pairs), an off-target site containing seven consecutive complementary base pairs, and a negative control lacking complementarity. ( D ) Denaturing gel analysis demonstrating specific cleavage of the on-target RNA by the RfxCas13d-EZH2-g2 complex, with no cleavage detected for the off-target or negative-control substrate.

    Journal: Nucleic Acids Research

    Article Title: Characterization of gRNA-dependent and gRNA-independent off-target binding sites of PspCas13b and RfxCas13d in mammalian cells

    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkag112

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Binding and cleavage specificity of Cas13-EZH2-g2 complexes. ( A ) EMSA analysis of 50-nt ssRNA oligonucleotides corresponding to the on-target site of PspCas13b EZH2-g2 (30 consecutive complementary base pairs), an off-target site containing 10 consecutive complementary base pairs, and a negative control lacking complementarity. ( B ) Denaturing gel analysis showing efficient cleavage of the on-target RNA substrate by the PspCas13b-EZH2-g2 complex, whereas no detectable cleavage is observed for the off-target or negative-control substrates. ( C ) EMSA analysis of 50-nt ssRNA substrates corresponding to the on-target site of RfxCas13d EZH2-g2 (30 consecutive complementary base pairs), an off-target site containing seven consecutive complementary base pairs, and a negative control lacking complementarity. ( D ) Denaturing gel analysis demonstrating specific cleavage of the on-target RNA by the RfxCas13d-EZH2-g2 complex, with no cleavage detected for the off-target or negative-control substrate.

    Article Snippet: For PspCas13b gRNA constructs, individual gRNA spacers were cloned into the PspCas13b crRNA backbone (Addgene #103854, a gift from Feng Zhang), which contains a PspCas13b crRNA direct repeat sequence and two BbsI restriction sites for cloning of the spacer sequence.

    Techniques: Binding Assay, Negative Control

    gRNA-dependent off-target binding alters the expression of essential genes and induces substantial alterations in cell proliferation. ( A – D ) RT-qPCR and western blot analyses of on-target EZH2 and three gRNA-dependent off-target genes bound by the PspCas13b-EZH2-g2 complex, with comparisons between non-targeting and EZH2-g2 targeting conditions. ( E – H ) RT-qPCR and western blot analyses of on-target EZH2 and three gRNA-dependent off-target genes bound by the RfxCas13d-EZH2-g2 complex, with comparisons between non-targeting and EZH2-g2 targeting conditions. RT-qPCR data are presented as mean ± SD ( n = 3). Relative changes in protein abundance were quantified by densitometric analysis and are indicated as red numbers at the bottom of each panel. ( I ) Proliferation of cells expressing PspCas13b (left panel) or RfxCas13d (right panel) with either targeting gRNAs or a non-targeting control gRNA (gNT), measured by CCK-8 assay. Proliferation rates were measured by absorbance at days 1–5 and normalized to that at day 1. Data are presented as mean ± SD ( n = 4). * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001. ns, not significant. ( J ) Apoptosis analysis of cells expressing PspCas13b (left panel) or RfxCas13d (right panel) with either targeting gRNAs or non-targeting control gRNA (gNT). Data are presented as mean ± SD ( n = 3). ns, not significant.

    Journal: Nucleic Acids Research

    Article Title: Characterization of gRNA-dependent and gRNA-independent off-target binding sites of PspCas13b and RfxCas13d in mammalian cells

    doi: 10.1093/nar/gkag112

    Figure Lengend Snippet: gRNA-dependent off-target binding alters the expression of essential genes and induces substantial alterations in cell proliferation. ( A – D ) RT-qPCR and western blot analyses of on-target EZH2 and three gRNA-dependent off-target genes bound by the PspCas13b-EZH2-g2 complex, with comparisons between non-targeting and EZH2-g2 targeting conditions. ( E – H ) RT-qPCR and western blot analyses of on-target EZH2 and three gRNA-dependent off-target genes bound by the RfxCas13d-EZH2-g2 complex, with comparisons between non-targeting and EZH2-g2 targeting conditions. RT-qPCR data are presented as mean ± SD ( n = 3). Relative changes in protein abundance were quantified by densitometric analysis and are indicated as red numbers at the bottom of each panel. ( I ) Proliferation of cells expressing PspCas13b (left panel) or RfxCas13d (right panel) with either targeting gRNAs or a non-targeting control gRNA (gNT), measured by CCK-8 assay. Proliferation rates were measured by absorbance at days 1–5 and normalized to that at day 1. Data are presented as mean ± SD ( n = 4). * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001. ns, not significant. ( J ) Apoptosis analysis of cells expressing PspCas13b (left panel) or RfxCas13d (right panel) with either targeting gRNAs or non-targeting control gRNA (gNT). Data are presented as mean ± SD ( n = 3). ns, not significant.

    Article Snippet: For PspCas13b gRNA constructs, individual gRNA spacers were cloned into the PspCas13b crRNA backbone (Addgene #103854, a gift from Feng Zhang), which contains a PspCas13b crRNA direct repeat sequence and two BbsI restriction sites for cloning of the spacer sequence.

    Techniques: Binding Assay, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Western Blot, Quantitative Proteomics, Control, CCK-8 Assay